sistem angkat

Sistem Pengangkatan (Hoisting System)

1. TEORI DASAR

Sistem pengangkatan dalam pemboran memegang peranan yang sangat penting, mengingat bahwa sistem pengangkatan ini adalah sistem yang mendapat beban, baik beban vertikal maupun horizontal.

Beban vertikal yang dialami berasal dari beban menara itu sendiri, beban drill string, casing string, tegangan dari fast line, beban karena tegangan deadline serta beban dari blok-blok. Sedangkan beban horizontal berasal dari tiupan angin yang mana hal ini sangat terasa mempengaruhi beban sistem pengangkatan pada pemboran di lepas pantai (off shore).

Sistem pengangkatan terdiri dari dua sub komponen, yaitu:

1. Struktur penyangga (supporting structure)
2. Peralatan pengangkatan (hoisting equipment)

2. STRUKTUR PENYANGGA

Struktur penyangga (rig), adalah suatu kerangka sebagai platform yang berfungsi sebagai penyangga peralatan pemboran. Kerangka ini diletakkan di atas titik bor. Fungsi utamanya untuk trip, serta untuk menahan beban yang terjadi akibat peralatan bor itu sendiri maupun beban dari luar.

Stuktur penyangga terdiri dari :

• Substructure,
• Lantai bor (rig floor), dan
• Menara pemboran (drilling tower).

Untuk menara pemboran, ada dua tipe menara :

• Type standart (derrick), dan
• Type portable (Mast).

Kaka Is A Real Madrid Player - Spanish Press

AS, Marca and a reputable radio station in Madrid have called it a done deal...

2 Jun 2009 21:45:13

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Kaka, Milan (FIRO)

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• Milan
• Real Madrid

Players

• Kaká

The Spanish press are in no doubt that Kaka is now a Real Madrid player.

The Blancos have agreed a €65m fee with Milan for the Brazilian, according to Cadena SER radio station. Marca and AS are among a host of other publications reporting the same deal.

The Brazilian has been linked with a move to the Spanish giants for years, but with former president Florentino Perez once again taking control this week, speculation has reached fever pitch.

Now, sources in Spain report that the conditions have been agreed, and Cadena SER asserts that the €65m price tag is agreed by all parties.

All that remains now are some personal matters to attend to with Kaka, who is set to earn €9m a year (€175,000 a week) for the next five seasons.

The 27-year-old is on international duty as Brazil prepare to take on Uruguay this weekend, meaning that he cannot be present to physically sign a deal in Madrid for now.

sistem tenaga

1. Sistem Tenaga (Power Sytem)

1. DASAR TEORI

Sistem tenaga dalam suatu operasi pemboran terdiri dari dua subkomponen utama, yaitu :

1. Power suplay equipment

Tenaga yang dibutuhkan pada suatu operasi pemboran dihasilkan oleh mesin-mesin besar, yang dikenal dengan "prime mover" (penggerak utama). Tenaga yang dihasilkan tersebut digunakan untuk keperluan-keperluan sebagai berikut :
• sirkulasi lumpur,
• hoisting, dan
• rotary drill string.

2. Distribution (transmission) equipment

Berfungsi untuk meneruskan atau menyalurkan tenaga dari penggerak utama, yang diperlukan untuk suatu operasi pemboran. Sistem distribusi (transmisi) yang biasa digunakan ada dua macam, yaitu sistem transmisi mekanis dan sistem transmisi listrik (electric). Rig tidak akan berfungsi dengan baik bila distribusi tenaga yang diperoleh tidak mencukupi. Oleh sebab itu diusahakan tenaga yang hilang karena adanya transmisi atau distribusi tersebut dikurangi sekecil mungkin, sehingga kerja mesin akan lebih efisien.

Sistem tenaga yang dipasang pada suatu unit operasi pemboran secara prinsip harus mampu memenuhi keperluan-keperluan sebagai berikut :

• fungsi angkat,
• fungsi rotasi,
• fungsi pemompaan, dan
• fungsi penerangan.



a. Menghitung keperluan tenaga untuk fungsi angkat

Tenaga dari fungsi angkat dari motor melalui transmisi, drawwork, drilling cable dan sistem takel yang terdiri dari crown block dan travelling block diteruskan ke rangkaian pipa bor.

Maka, rendemen total antara motor dan hook :

• Conventiser : 0,7 - 0,8
• Transmisi : 0,88
• Drawwork : 0,90
• Takel : 0,87 untuk 8 kabel dan 0,85 untuk 10 kabel

sehingga, rendemen total untuk 10 kabel adalah

0,75 x 0,88 x 0,90 x 0,85 = 0,505

Tenaga untuk fungsi pengangkatan harus mampu untuk melayani pemboran sampai kedalaman limit pada kondisi ekonomis.

Real Madrid Stunned By Kaka's Demands - Report

Greed is taking its toll as Kaka's father is asking the impossible from Real Madrid...

4 Jun 2009 14:35:32

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Kaka, Lazio-Milan (Foto Grazia Neri)

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• Real Madrid

Kaka's alleged move to Real Madrid was well on the way of being wrapped earlier today as AC Milan vice-president Adriano Galliani publicly declared that the Brazilian is most likely to leave Italy, whereas president Silvio Berlusconi said that the move was up to the player himself.

After the two clubs agreed a fee of €65 million, conflict has now arisen between Real Madrid and Kaka's representatives, who are making astronomical demands.

According to British paper The Mirror, Kaka's agent and father, Bosco Leite, is supposedly asking for a personal commission of €11.5 million, a sum that Real Madrid president Florentino Perez thinks is much too high.

Leite is also demanding a signing-on-fee of an additional €11.5 million, plus a transfer and €1.5 million for Kaka's younger brother Digao. This would make Real Madrid pay a total €89.5 million, a sum that would break the bank as the highest transfer in history.

Real Madrid have been taken aback after receiving these outrageous demands, and are unlikely to accede to the terms of the deal. Should this be the case, then Kaka will remain at Milan, having already declared earlier this week that he wants to stay put at his current club.

Kaka is in Brazil with the national team preparing for a World Cup Qualifier against Uruguay, and has not been given permission to leave the country to sign any deals.

He has also refused to make any comments about his situation, but the Spanish press are adamant that Kaka indeed wants Madrid, declaring to his friends, "Everything is almost done. I know that I will be going to Madrid. I am very happy."

The final decision concerning Kaka's future is expected to be revealed on Monday.

Kaka Has Already Signed With Real Madrid, Smiles Zinedine Zidane

The club's new official has claimed that Kaka's future has already been decided - after a fashion, at least...

4 Jun 2009 22:31:28

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Florentino Perez, Kaka, and Zinedine Zidane - Marca's 'dream team' for Real Madrid this summer? (Marca)

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Teams

• Milan
• Real Madrid

Players

• Kaká
• Zinedine Zidane

Real Madrid's advisor to president Florentino Perez, former France international Zinedine Zidane, has claimed that AC Milan's Brazilian star Kaka has already penned a deal with the Primera Division giants.

However, the manner in which he did so was most unusual.

"Kaka has already signed for Madrid, no?" he said during a press conference in Rome, that was in honour of former Giallorossi defender Vincent Candela's farewell match, according to El Mundo Deportivo.

A number of sources over the past couple of days have been adamant that Kaka was on the verge of joining los Blancos, but Zidane looked as though he was about to become the first to confirm the deal.

"I will be happy if he takes my No. 5, I will not be jealous," he joked.

However, he seemed to track back a bit from his original claim as he continued to smile along with the gathered press, following up his statement with an addition to the journalists: "Well, you tell me!"

Milan fans have been protesting the move in front of the club's headquarters on via Turati and they will no doubt continue as they look set to lose their star player.

Kaka would be the first signing of the newly elected Florentino Perez, who has promised big signings as he wishes to restore the Merengues to former glories.

Kaka joined Milan in 2003 and was influential in the club's 2004 Scudetto and 2007 Champions League victories, also winning the Ballon d'Or during that period.